I REALLY GREW UP IN APPALACHIA

J.D. Vance has been touting his knowledge of Appalachia through his book Hillbilly Elegy, even though he grew up in northern Ohio and knows very little about Appalachia, except for a collection of negative cliches that point to Appalachians as a bunch of genetically degenerate losers.

I actually grew up in a small town of about 3,000 in Appalachia — in the beautiful hills of southern Ohio — from age 7 to age 20.

Now that I’ve traveled the world, I have a global perspective on a lot of things. One thing that stands out to me is the frustration I feel with the computerized technology of everything. Even with all my online experience, I cringe at having to fill out an application for a bank account online, with passwords, proofs that I am not a robot, and instructions that I find incomprehensible. If I put myself in the shoes of some of my former Appalachian schoolmates who do not have my education or experience, I can see how they feel completely left out by society. No wonder they are angry, when they have just been rejected for a bank loan without being able to actually talk to anyone in person.

They HATE the educated elite, epitomized by Hillary Clinton, and they absolutely HATE being called ‘deplorables’ by East Coast snobs, but they adore uneducated people like themselves, who cannot figure out how to apply for a bank loan online. Enter Donald J. Trump. When he says that back in 1776 the Revolutionary Army took out the British Air Force, they can say, “Even WE know better than that.” In Trump they can actually look down on someone whom they can laugh at.

They probably like the fake image of J.D. Vance, especially that photo of him sitting with a shotgun in front of a pile of chopped wood. Makes him look like a real hillbilly. But if they read his book, they might see how he is looking down on them as a bunch of misfits.

He seems to treat Appalachians’ drug problems as genetic, as though there was a specific gene that makes them take drugs and then act stupidly. Back when I lived there, there was hardly a drug scene. Marijuana was just catching on, and that was more of a plaything for the upper class.

Vance’s condemnation of druggies turns a cause-effect relationship upside down. He points to drugs as the evil cause of all sorts of negative outcomes. I would argue that drugs are an effect, or result, of joblessness, of that feeling of despair, of being abandoned. In those circumstances, people turn to drugs as an escape hatch.

The magic of billionnaire Trump is that all his policies are designed to benefit the rich and screw the hillbillies, but since he is so anti-intellectual, they can identify with him. They share his victimhood. The feel that the whole establishment is out to get him…and them. They cheer when he says, “I am your vindication!”

West Virginia will vote solidly for Trump, even though all his policies are designed to screw them…take from the poor and give to the rich. They believe that he will ‘drain the swamp’ of all those ‘deep state’ educated East Coast liberals, and replace them with uneducated hillbillies like themselves.

I think that people are beginning to see through Vance as a phony and an opportunist. A second reading of Hillbilly Elegy might reveal that he is only writing a self-serving memoir, and that he doesn’t understand Appalachians at all.

CHERCHEZ LE PATRONAGE

If a Westerner observes some act of Cambodian behavior that he finds rather bewildering, my advice is: ‘cherchez le patronage’. Khmer society is governed by a system of patronage, where every person owes allegiance to their ‘bong’, very much like the old European feudal system, or in some ways like Chinese Confucianism. The patronage mindset may be at the root of the unexpected behavior.

In this system, an employee ‘belongs’ to the patron, or ‘bong’, not to thecompany or group. When I first came to Cambodia, I noticed that when the company boss’s sister was getting married, all the employees were expected to serve as waiters, greeters, etc. at the wedding. A Western employee might have complained, “But that’s not my job; I don’t even know the sister.” But the Cambodian employee would not feel slighted at all, nor would it even cross their mind to complain. If the bong decrees it, then it must be done.

Indeed, in Cambodia, the company and the person-in-charge are not separate entities. The company vehicle is the bong’s vehicle. For example, it used to be the case the company that was Northwest Cambodia’s biggest employer had all its financial records and bank accounts in the personal name of the CEO. There was no formal distinction between company moneys and personal moneys.

One advantage of the patronage system is the smooth running of society. Everyone knows their place and no one rocks the boat. Cambodia has been remarkably stable for the past 25 years. (Add to this the absolute horror of returning to the violence of the Khmer Rouge days.)

One disadvantage is that there is little team spirit. People do not identify with a team or group working towards a common goal. Rather, all their actions are to serve the bong. One of Mao Tse Tung’s first initiatives was to form gung ho groups – meaning ‘work together’.

Non-Khmer employees are also frustrated when they have a good idea to share with the boss. It’s like talking to a brick wall; only the bong‘s own ideas can be considered. What’s worse, the bong will pretend to listen attentively to the new idea, but later, the employee is frustrated when no action is taken.

Both Mao Tse Tung and Pol Pot saw the inherent inequities in such an entrenched hierarchical society, and they both tried to coerce the people into an egalitarian society, even if it meant killing off millions of people who adhered to the old, feudal system. Of course, they both failed. That shows just how thoroughly entrenched the hierarchies had become.

Years ago I saw a study done in Hong Kong, in which people were asked how they felt about the grossly unequal economy of Hong Kong. People didn’t express a need to tax or otherwise bring the super-rich down to their level. Rather, they just wanted to be rich like the elite. If the bong was ordering them around, they wanted to change places and be in a position to order other people around.

People in Hong Kong saw how the elite cheat and manipulate situations in order to rise to the top, but since people just want to emulate the elite, they accept the notion that corruption of all sorts is just part of the game, and they are even jealous that one person can succeed in bamboozling the authorities when they themselves cannot.

I have seen this attitude in play in Cambodia, where foreign employees complain about illegal or unethical behavior by the bong, while the local employees simply accept such behavior and may even be envious that the bong can get away with it.

I said that the Cambodian patronage culture reminded me of Confucianism. However, I get the feeling that there is a subtle difference (but I stand to be corrected). The philosophy of Confucianism saw ‘filial piety’ as a means towards the end of a smooth-running society. Cambodian culture sees the perpetuation of the patronage system as the end in itself.

Cambodians who witnessed the horrors of Pol Pot’s supposedly egalitarian system rapidly returned to the safety of their old patronage system, which now appears to be more deeply entrenched than ever.

CAMBODIAN DEBT

Here’s a small factoid:  Cambodian private debt is 180% of GDP. 180%! In layman’s terms, this means that the average private Cambodian is in debt up to their eyeballs. All those new cars and new houses are not paid for, and as far as I can see, will never be paid for. They will all be repossessed, and Cambodia will to belong to the banks, if it doesn’t already. Or, perhaps more common, the debtor will sell the land or car to some entrepreneur in order to settle the debt. Even someone who can afford a $30,000 car will borrow more to buy a $50,000 car.

According to a Licadho study, over a quarter of all households spend more than 70% of their income on debt repayment. And 93% of microloan recipients are required to pledge at least one land title as collateral. Those microloans have insanely high interest rates.

On the other hand, Cambodian GDP is growing at over 7% per year. The economy is booming. Or is it?… What the heck is going on?

On my street in Battambang, there is a constant turnover of restaurants. Capital is invested, but then there are no customers night after night, so that in 3-6 months, the place closes, and within a day or two, the place is being remodeled for yet another new restaurant. Outside of town, there are literally thousands of new housing developments that are empty, or that have ‘for sale’ or ‘for rent’ signs. Doesn’t sound like a booming economy to me.

However, there appears to be plenty of venture capital floating around to finance new restaurants and new housing developments. Every time a new house goes up, the GDP goes up, regardless of whether anyone will actually live in the house. The banks evidently have plenty of money to lend, knowing that the land will serve as adequate collateral.

Where is all this capital coming from? In a word: China. In 2023, China experienced record-breaking capital outflows at $53 billion. I follow the Chinese stock market, and it has gone down at least 10% in recent months. All that sold stock money must be going somewhere. And Cambodia has had a reputation of being an easy country to launder money. Just look at that plethora of different banks — eight of them right in a row in Battambang. Where do you think all that money is coming from?

What does the economic future hold? I’d guess pretty much the same, as Chinese capital continues to flow into Cambodia, building new empty housing developments and businesses. So the GDP will continue to rise.

One thing that could change is the Cambodians’ optimistic attitude that you can just borrow money and not worry about the consequences. Too many Cambodians are losing their shirts in risky ventures. Maybe they will begin to learn that you can’t just borrow money that you probably can’t pay back.

Or maybe there’s something else at play here. All those 3-6 month restaurants on my street might be planned failure, for some reason that I can’t fathom. Surely those investors have a pretty good idea that their restaurants will fail. Any developer can see all those literally thousands of empty houses, yet still they invest in more of the same. I don’t get it, but I suspect that money laundering has something to do with it. But still, why would a money launderer intentionally lose money?

The Cambodian economy is an enigma.

WHAT I’M NOT HEARING ABOUT IMMUNITY

The media have been going berserk talking ad nauseum about Presidential immunity. But it seems there are many questions that they are not asking.

  1. Is immunity from prosecution the same as immunity from impeachment?

Does this ruling mean that there can be no more impeachments of Presidents? Can the Republicans forget about impeaching Joe Biden?

If so, can a former President be un-impeached? Trump’s infamous phone call to Ukraine, offering the release of US weapons if they would dig up dirt on Biden, was an official act, therefore immune. Can that impeachment be reversed? Would it matter?

2. Suppose Trump, as President, orders a Navy Seal to assassinate Biden. OK, he is immune from prosecution, I get that. But what about the Seal? If he carries out the (legal) order, he himself is committing a crime, and he can be prosecuted, even if the President cannot. Or if he refuses to carry out a legal order, can he be court-martialed and thrown into jail?

And by the way, if the President orders an assassination, is that order itself now legal? Or is it illegal, but the President cannot be prosecuted for his crime, which is still a crime? Is the President a criminal or not?

3. In its decision, SCOTUS made a big deal about the separation of powers. The logic seemed pretty vague to me, but it appears to boil down to the fact that a President’s official acts are part of the Executive Branch, and the Judicial Branch has no business meddling in that separate Branch.

If that’s the case, what about Cabinet members and other members of the Executive Branch? Are they also immune on the same grounds? Suppose the Vice President orders someone to shoot Biden; is s/he immune from prosecution?  

In its recent decisions, SCOTUS has been tying itself into legal knots trying to twist obvious truths into convoluted confusions. I can’t resist mentioning the recent decision on obstruction of a political process. The lower courts simply read the clear-cut law that states that the Jan. 6 rioters obstructed the Congressional certification of votes. But, no, SCOTUS found a way around that one.

They reasoned that the obstruction law was enacted to punish offenders back in the ENRON case, where the obstruction was of documents, not actions. Even though the law itself didn’t mention documents, SCOTUS reasoned that the law must have been about documents only, and that the Jan. 6 rioters were not obstructing documents, and were therefore not guilty under the law.

How’s that for a twist of the law? It makes a mockery of the ‘originalist’ interpretation of the Constitution. When the Second Amendment was written, the only ‘arms’ were muskets, and so, SCOTUS might argue, the Amendment applies only to the right to bear muskets, but not to semi-automatic assault rifles.

Unfortunately, I along with millions of other Americans, have lost all faith in the Supreme Court. It has become just another wing of MAGA.

PRIVATE EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Public education in almost all developing countries is under-funded, and therefore of poor quality. One result is that developing countries fall further and further behind developed countries in human capital. Their poorly educated graduates just cannot compete with those from developed countries.

Private schools spring up in developing countries in order to meet the demand for higher quality graduates. Of course, poor families cannot afford to send their children to private schools, so this situation exacerbates inequalities in the social fabric. Education is only for those who can afford it, and they will benefit with better skills, jobs, etc.

In fact, there are inequalities even within the private system, as the very elite can send their children to the most elite schools, while the middle class must be content with more middle class private schools.

Worse, every student who attends private school is one fewer for the public education system to cope with. Governments welcome private education, as it relieves them of much of the burden of providing quality education for all. If you are a parent sending your children to private schools, you won’t be pressing government for better public schools.

Even worse yet, the government ministers and all their friends and relations send their children to expensive private schools. For them, there is no problem with the educational system. The poor schools, especially those out in the countryside, are out-of-sight, out-of-mind. The public education system becomes forgotten, as government shirks its responsibility.

Since there is a hierarchy of private schools, the richer schools become symbols of conspicuous consumption for the rich — status symbols. The elite send their children to elite schools not for their educational value, but for their snob value. The richer schools become country clubs, where status symbols become more important than learning.

The owners of these private schools understand this. They are in the game for the money, not especially for the education. Education is sacrificed to profits. The owners also realize that these parents are easy to fool. The owners preach ‘quality!, quality!, quality!’, when in reality, quality is sacrificed to false images, glitzy buildings, swimming pools, and the like. Only a few dedicated teachers are interested in education, and they are often frustrated when they must forego science equipment in favor of a gaudy new Mercedes school bus.

In another post, I mentioned how these rich schools pretend to be ‘international schools’, when in reality there is nothing ‘international’ about them.

Cambodia has actually made great strides in public education. Twenty years ago, the grade 12 examination system was so rotten that it became the butt of a lot of jokes. Today, the grade 12 exams are more or less legitimate, as students must actually learn things in order to pass. Thus, public education is at least an option for students, whereas in the past it really wasn’t. This competition may be forcing the private schools to become more extreme when it comes to the country club mentality.

At one of the prestige private high schools in our city, the pass rate on the state grade 12 exam was actually below the national average of public schools. Why would a parent send a child to that school, when they would learn more at a public school? However, the attendance at the private school is still booming. It would seem that there are priorities other than learning at issue there.

One problem with Cambodian society is its patronage system, as opposed to meritocracy. The old adage, “It’s not what you know, it’s whom you know,” applies on steroids in Cambodia, to the extent that learning in many schools and universities has become almost irrelevant, if not non-existent. A few years ago I was asked to help interview our university finance major graduates working in banks. I went to all the major banks, and couldn’t find a single one of our finance graduates. They were working in their daddies’ businesses in other fields, not finance. From what I have observed, their knowledge of finance and banking was nearly nil, despite four years of university. Can you imagine an accounting graduate who doesn’t understand compound interest?

This has all been pretty negative, but I have hope for Cambodia and for similar countries. As Cambodia is drawn more and more into the arena of international business, there will be an increasing need for employees who can actually do something. Thus, I see a trend — slow, I admit —  away from the current know-nothing patronage towards some kind of meritocracy. This will require schools and universities actually to teach the students something. There are a few schools in Phnom Penh who are realizing this and are requiring their graduates to learn useful skills.

Still, the requirement for useful skills will further exacerbate the rich-poor divide, as the elite will have the educational qualifications for jobs, while the poor will not. That is the dilemma for developing countries around the world.

DOES A FETUS HAVE A SOUL?

This is not a political screed about abortion. I have placed it in my ‘Religion’ category.

My thinking was stimulated when a friend told me that I would someday see my deceased daughter in the afterlife. My first question was: “She was 7 when she died. Will she still be a cute 7-year-old whenever I meet her?” A secondary question was, “If I’m a senile old man when I die, will I still be that decrepit creature when I meet her in the afterlife?”

From there, my thoughts turned to my unborn son, due next month. If he was aborted or otherwise died, would his soul go to the afterlife? Would he still be a fetus in the afterlife? Would he remain inside his mother, or would he somehow exist independently?

Let’s assume that a fetus has a soul. Perhaps the first question to raise would be, “Where did that soul come from?” Did it exist before conception? Did that soul reside in a sperm cell, or within the mother’s egg. No, I don’t think so. Both sperm and eggs didn’t even exist at some point before conception, and were created out of bodily chemicals. That would imply that all billions of sperm cells and eggs have souls, but they die before conception. But then, would those souls have an afterlife? No, this is ridiculous.

Maybe those souls were waiting out there in soul-land for a body to enter, and then entered the fetus at conception. There are 8 billion souls in living human beings in the world. Have they all been waiting out there since time immemorial? There were only a billion people only a few centuries ago. Where were those other 7 billion back then? No, I think the idea of billions of souls waiting from the beginning of time is not an idea that I can take seriously.

So I conclude that a new soul is created at conception or afterwards, and may have some kind of ‘soul-DNA’ from both parents.

But then, what about identical twins? They start out as one egg-sperm combination, but then, not simultaneously, the egg sometimes splits and may end up in two placenta, I.e. as twins. Does it have one soul upon conception, which then divides into two twin souls afterwards? That would mean that a separate soul is created after conception. That seems unlikely to me.

Suppose next that a fetus dies before birth. Does it develop so as to be somehow ‘born’ as a person in the afterlife? That doesn’t make much sense if the mother is still alive and not in the afterlife. And yet, I can’t imagine that it remains a fetus forever and ever.

Cambodian Buddhism has an interesting take on this. Despite the central doctrine of reincarnation, the Buddha refused to answer a question on the existence of the soul. Apparently, the ‘self’ that is reincarnated is not the same concept as the soul.

Further, in Cambodia there is a concept of pralung, something like life-force. All living creatures, including plants, have this. The human pralung is not a unique force; indeed, each person has 19 different pralung, which can enter or leave the body. The fetus has pralung, but it is not clear where they come from.

Islam has an interesting answer. The fetus at birth has no soul, but a soul is somehow ‘breathed’ into the fetus at the age of about 120 days after conception. Not a bad idea, but I have trouble with the idea that one second a fetus has no soul, and the next moment it does. Then we get back to the question of where that soul comes from. Clearly not the mother and father, but rather from the outside somewhere. Moreover, the Islamic version avoids the question of a billion-year-old soul just waiting to enter a new body; rather, Islam has God creating a new soul for each person, after conception.

That brings me back to the question of age. If a small baby dies, does its soul grow older: does it mature to adulthood in the afterlife, or is it forever fixed as a baby. On the other hand, if an old person dies, does their soul grow even older and more decrepit, perhaps to 200 or 300 years old, like the portrait of Dorian Gray? Or do they somehow revert to some golden age of, say, 30, forever.

Related questions: will Michael Jordan play basketball in heaven, or will he be too old? Does Liberace have his piano in heaven? If I am attached to a pet dog, will I see my dog in heaven? Do dogs have souls?

All these imponderables appear ridiculous to me. I have to conclude that, if indeed the soul somehow exists, there must be some kind of non-physical soul-stuff in heaven, and that when we die, our non-physical soul merges with the great soul-in-the-sky. In short, I can’t see myself recognizing my erstwhile 7-year-old daughter, at least not from her appearance. I can’t even see myself recognizing myself, for that matter. However, if we had formed a strong spiritual bond during her life, that spiritual bond might somehow exist beyond the grave, within the great, timeless Ur-Seele.

HOW CITIZENS UNITED DIVIDED THE CITIZENS

I contend that the Supreme Court ruling Citizens United  vs. Federal Elections Committee (2010) is a prime cause of exacerbating the divide between the rich and the poor in America. In short, it allowed the rich, through large corporations, to buy politicians, who then enact laws that benefit the rich and harm the poor and middle class.

In recent days, Donald Trump has made a blatant, explicit offer to the fossil fuel industry, that would increase pollution, increase the effects of global warming, and all the evils accompanying fossil fuels. Is this what the American people want? Of course not, but their vote no longer matters when politicians can be bought. Trump asked the fossil fuel industry to contribute over $1 billion dollars to him, in a clear quid pro quo:

“According to reports, Mr. Trump made specific policy commitments, including promises to auction off more oil and gas leases on federal lands and in federal waters, reverse pollution standards for new cars, and end drilling restrictions in the Alaskan Arctic,” they detailed. “He also vowed to terminate the pause on new permits for liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports,

Gun control is another area where politicians can be bought to work against the people’s wish to control assault weapons that kill hundreds in mass shootings. The Manchin-Toomey amendment was a measure that would have required background checks on all commercial gun sales.  Nearly all of the 46 senators who voted to defeat the amendment had accepted significant campaign contributions from PACs associated with gun rights groups, including the National Rifle Association. All perfectly legal, of course, owing to Citizens United.

The lower and middle classes are left out of the democratic process; they realize this and they are angry about it. They are angry that they are paying taxes for the benefit of the rich, who pay little or no taxes because of the massive tax cuts under Reagan, Bush, and Trump. When there is a tax cut, government revenue declines, so that the government must borrow money to pay its bills.

Interest payments made by the U.S. government are a significant part of its budget. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the federal government is projected to spend $400 billion on interest payments for the national debt in the current fiscal year. This amount represents roughly $3055 per household. Additionally, on average, the U.S. spent more than $2 billion per day on interest costs last year, and it is projected to spend a historic $12.4 trillion on interest payments over the next decade, a veraging about $37,100 per American.

I’m not hearing much about corporate tax rates. Back in 1970 they stood at 52%, but were reduced to 35%. Under the Trump tax cut, the corporations who own the politicians were able to reduce it to 21%. Citizens United again.

Noting that the rich pay little or no tax, we see that it is the middle class taxpayers who are paying for this annual $400 billion in interest on the debt. Who benefits from the interest? Not the middle-class taxpayer, for sure. About 7 trillion out of the 24 trillion in public debt is owned by foreign countries, especially Japan and China. So at least $100 billion per year is going outside the USA. Most of the rest goes to financial institutions like banks and mutual funds. Thus, government debt resulting from tax cuts for the rich and the corporations (bought as a result of Citizens United) is another hidden way of taking big money out of the hands of middle class taxpayers and re-distributing it to Asian countries and big financiers.

The middle class, and everyone else for that matter, feels over-regulated. You can’t blow your nose without a permit. You are controlled, spied upon, and restricted at every turn, and you are angry about it. So when a politician promises to de-regulate your life, you are grateful. The bought-off politician proceeds to lessen some small regulation for you, while completely de-regulating a multi-billion dollar company or industry. You are eternally grateful for the small favor, even though you may lose big-time when the company pollutes your drinking water (as in Flint, Michagan) or when the building you are living in collapses due to the relaxing of building codes.

A politician like Trump can promise the middle class a tax cut and de-regulation, thereby earning their undying loyalty, while the middle class loses out to the big corporations, who are given huge tax cuts and de-regulations .

Do you remember that train derailment in Ohio last year? It caused millions of dollars of damage and spilled toxic chemicals into the environment. It turns out that de-regulation and lack of regulation were responsible for much of the damage.  

Commentary following the derailment centered around industry working conditions and safety concerns, such as the lack of modern brake safety regulations, reduced railway workers per train, and increased train lengths and weight (Sirota, 2023).

Sirota, David; Rock, Julia; Burns, Rebecca; Cunningham-Cook, Matthew (February 9, 2023). “Rail Companies Blocked Safety Rules Before Ohio Derailment”. The Lever. 

Train derailment with chemical spill near East Palestine, Ohio

Such events make the middle class even more angry, but they will continue to support more de-regulation that ultimately harms their lives. Meanwhile, the rich are crying all the way to the bank.

Thus, global warming and air pollution (from fossil fuels), mass shootings (gun de-regulation), water pollution, and toxic chemical spills, are all hidden results of Citizen United. All this in addition to the yawning gulf that has emerged between the rich and the poor.

‘STANDARDS’ and VYGOTSKY’S HIGH-JUMP

I hear so many educators pontificate about ‘maintaining standards’. In developing countries, there is a cry of, “Don’t water-down the curriculum” from the standards of Harvard, Oxford, and other top Western universities.

This attitude usually comes from local scholars who have achieved their advanced degrees from top Western universities. When they return to their home countries, they feel, “I worked hard, and if I was able succeed, other students in my country should achieve the same standards.”

These success stories come from the creme-de-la-creme, who had been miles ahead of other students in their local classes. The majority of students in these countries, coming from poor schools with poor teachers, don’t have a hope of reaching the levels of Western universities. They often give up and drop out. Their education has been largely a waste, a sacrifice to that top echelon of elite students who may receive overseas admission.

There are games being played to pretend that a university is maintaining ‘standards’. One is to require 800-page Western textbooks that the students cannot read. (In a foreign language, no less) A more subtle method is to test memorization rather than understanding. I was amazed at the memorizing abilities instilled by many African cultures. I saw little kids at Koranic schools learning to recite the ENTIRE Koran by heart in Arabic, of which they understood not a word.

I used to teach mathematics in developing universities. A typical calculus exam question might be “State and prove the Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus.”  And the students could do it — pretty impressive evidence that they were achieving Western standards — except that many of them just memorized the words from the textbook without having a clue what they meant.

How high do you set the high-jump bar?

That’s where Lev Vygotsky comes in. This Russian psychologist is known  for his concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development’, or ZPD. This ‘zone’ is the gap between where a student is and what he is willing or able to achieve. I’m aware that my interpretation of the ZPD may not exactly match Vygotsky’s, but I visualize it as a high-jump apparatus. If you set the bar too high, the student will not be willing to attempt the jump, but if you set the bar too low, the student will not be interested or engaged enough to jump. Of course, each individual student will have their own ZPD, so it is the teacher’s job to find that ZPD and set the bar just high enough to engage the student to jump. Then the bar can be gradually raised as far as the student is willing to attempt it.

I actually witnessed an actual high-jump in Cambodia, where a well-meaning NGO set up many high-jump pits on rural schoolgrounds. They ordered the best — Olympic standard apparatus — so that the lowest peg was far higher than the little kids could jump. The high-jump pits were totally ignored, and the once-sand-filled landing pits became filled with mud and often cow dung. If the NGO had only set up lower bars, they might have interested the kids into attempting to use the apparatus.

Vygotsky used the term ‘scaffolding’, because a scaffold is a series of steps that leads to the summit. The teacher sets these achievable steps for the student, who proceeds, step-by-step, to the top.

In my experience, I have written a whole bunch of easy-to-read textbooks in various university subjects. When I taught the courses using my own materials, students were engaged enough to learn, while in other courses using the 800-page textbooks, there was very little learning. Alas, my materials were not usually welcomed by the elite educators, who accused me of watering down the curriculum. They returned to pretending to use the 800-page texts.

These elitists are supported by Ministry of Education officials, who themselves were part of the elite cadre who succeeded in overseas education, and who had adopted that mentality of catering to the top 10% of students who might qualify for study abroad. So the Ministry officials thought, “If I was able to read an 800-page textbook when studying in the USA, then local students should be forced to do the same.”

In order to study abroad, a student must pass a TOEFL or IELTS or DuoLingo exam, geared to the English of analytical thesis reading and academic writing. The typical non-elite student — let’s say a Finance major — will need a different sort of English: the English of working in a bank, such as waiting on customers, reading banking regulations, etc. These students are being short-changed, since the English taught at all levels is aimed at the eventual study-overseas target, and not at the Finance major.

Thus, I feel that education in developing countries should follow the Vygotsky high-jump/scaffolding method, aiming to educate every student according to their individual ZPD, rather than catering only to the elite 5% or 10% who may qualify for study overseas.

ROCKETS FROM RAFAH

Hamas’ latest actions are consistent with my earlier posts about their motivation.

First, firing rockets at Israel is a message – a show of strength, even though the chances that the rockets do any damage are minimal. Hamas needs such bravado to show the world that it is still a fighting force. As I pointed out earlier, Hamas cannot hope to win the war; the best they can do is to show the world that they continue to stand up to the Israeli bogeyman.

Second, why from Rafah? Just as the original invasion of Israel, firing from Rafah invites Israel to retaliate with full force. If Hamas can provoke Israel into killing 50,000 people in Rafah, maybe that will be the final straw in getting the world to take strong action against Israel.

Everyone thought that Israel would decimate Rafah over a month ago, but they have been dragging their feet due to international pressure.  Maybe Hamas figured it was time to taunt them into assault.

So far, the Hamas strategy has failed, in that it has failed to bring in foreign forces against Israel. However, international opinion has really turned against Israel. Witness the fact that more European countries are recognizing the State of Palestine, whatever that means. (There are actually two competing governments for Palestine: Hamas, and the PA on the West Bank.) The latest Israeli strike killing 45 civilians in a refugee camps is causing international outrage. Israel is being charged with genocide.

Israel originally thought there were Hamas commanders in the refugee camp, but later admitted they had made a ‘tragic mistake’.  Surely Hamas at one point must have figured out that they don’t NEED their operatives in the camps; all they have to do is make Israel THINK that Hamas operatives are there, and they will wipe out a bunch of civilians, while Hamas can claim “There were no Hamas commanders there; Israel was targeting civilians and refugees.” This is what Victory looks like to Hamas.

Thus, while Hamas has failed to bring in outside force, it is winning the propaganda war. I therefore see no negotiated settlement, which might see the end of Hamas’ control of Gaza. They will be delighted if Israel goes into Rafah and kills thousands of Palestinians in hospitals and schools used as human shields used for Hamas military operations.

SUDAN? WHO CARES?

Sudan is the second largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, with an area of 1,878,000 km2, compared to Israel at 20,770 km2, (roughly 1% of the area of Sudan.) Sudan’s population is 49.4 million.   (Israel: 9.3 million, about 20% of Sudan). Sudan is in the midst of a civil war, in which at least 16,000 people have been killed in the past year (probably much higher), with some 8 million displaced, and 18 million facing acute levels of hunger. There is fear of a repeat of the genocide in Darfur of 20 years ago, in which between 80,000 and 400,000 people were slaughtered.

Where is the outrage? Where are the demonstrations on university campuses? Where are the cries of “Genocide!”, when the situation in Darfur really was genocide? How many Americans and Europeans could find Sudan on a map? How many care?

How is it that these same passionate students are so forceful in their demonstrations across the continents against Israel, while they ignore much worse atrocities and massacres in Sudan?

Let’s go back to Rwanda in 1994, when the Hutus massacred between 500,000 and 800,000 Tutsis. Where were the Western campus demonstrations? “Rwanda? Where’s that?” One of the perpetrators of the genocide was one Paul Kagame. 30 years later, with the blood of hundreds of thousands of people on his hands, he is still President of Rwanda. Who cares?

Let’s go back even further, to the late 1970s, when I was spending four years at the University of Lesotho (map?). I witnessed the students on our campus in gleeful support of Idi Amin, who was massacring maybe 300,000 Ugandans (map?). He was seen as a champion, because he told the colonialist English to go to hell. Was there any outrage or protest on Western university campuses? No, if anyone dared to criticize Idi Amin, they would be labeled as racist (horrors!).

At precisely the same time, South Africa was being boycotted for its Apartheid regime. There were international protests, and the UN and other bodies, while supporting Idi Amin, roundly condemned the Apartheid regime.

While I was living in Lesotho (surrounded by South Africa) I observed that there was no mass outpouring of refugees from South Africa. However, there were thousands of African refugees from other countries trying to escape famine and tribal massacres to get into South Africa. As humiliating and demeaning as Apartheid was, at least the refugees would not be massacred, and could find work in the mines.

So what’s going on here? If one considers Israelis as physically indistinguishable from white people, race seems to be the main reason for condemning a country like South Africa. Have there ever been demonstrations or boycotts against any primarily non-white nation?

I contend that there is a secret mentality among many Westerners that black Africans are just savages who will always be killing each other and cannot be expected to do otherwise. Yawn! Yet another little known country where one tribe is killing another. White people, on the other hand, are deemed to be civilized and should be expected to know better. They must be held to a higher standard.

When Hamas invaded Israel and committed all sorts of atrocities on Oct. 07, I read many articles praising Hamas, and justifying their atrocities. This was even before the Israeli retaliation. It appeared that the Hamas Arabs were not held to the same standards as the Israelis. Using hospitals as military bases? No problem, but shame on Israel for attacking them. Hostages? Imagine the outcry if Israel started taking Palestinian hostages. Now there’s an idea!

Back to Sudan. Is there any chance that President Biden or Secretary of State Blinken will even mention Sudan, let alone visit Sudan or bring the genocide to the attention of the United Nations? Sadly, the Sudanese and the residents of Darfur are Africans and simply don’t count.